Conjunctions | 连词
It’s a good idea to use the
mnemonic “FANBOYS” to memorize coordinating conjunctions so you’ll never forget
them. They are:
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· F = for
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UK strong /fɔːr fooh+r
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US strong /fɔːr/
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A = and
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UK ænd
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US ənd
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N = nor
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UK /nɔːr/
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US /nɔːr/
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B = but
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UK /bʌt/
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US /bʌt/
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O = or
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UK /ɔːr
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US /ɔːr/ /ɚ/
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Y = yet
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UK /jet
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/ US /jet/
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S = so
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UK /səʊ/ /
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US /soʊ
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A conjunction is a part of speech that connects. It
can connect sentences, clauses, groups of words, or two individual words.( 连词是连接的一部分。 它可以连接句子，子句，单词组或两个单独的单词。)
§ Sometimes
a conjunction is a single word: because, and, so, but, etc.
§ Other
conjunctions consist of two or more words: neither . . . nor, either . . . or, so that, etc.
We divide conjunctions into three
types: coordinating, subordinating and correlative.
Coordinating conjunctions
The seven coordinating conjunctions are so, and, but, or, yet, for, nor.
A coordinating conjunction joins words, groups of words, or
clauses, and gives them equal
importance:
§ I like summer, but I
don’t like winter.
§ Do you prefer summer or winter?
§ He’s been working all day, so he’s
very tired.
Subordinating conjunctions
A
subordinating conjunction connects a main (independent) and subordinate
(dependent) clause. The clause beginning with a subordinating conjunction is
always the subordinate clause, which depends on the main clause and cannot
exist without it. Common subordinating conjunctions include:
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because, so that, as, since
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to express cause or reason
表达原因或理由
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Before UK /bɪˈfɔːr, US /bɪˈfɔːr/
after UK /ˈɑːf.tər/ US /ˈæf.tɚ/
Water UK /ˈwɔː.tər/ US /ˈwɑː.t̬ɚ/
until, when, as soon as, whenever, while
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to express time
表达时间
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unless, if, even
if, in case, providing
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to express condition 表达条件
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although, even though, whereas
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to express contrast or concession
表达对比或让步
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Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs. They connect balanced clauses, phrases or words. The elements
which they connect are usually similar in structure or length.
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Either UK /ˈaɪ.ðə US /ˈiː.ðɚ . . . or
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We can go to either Greece or Spain for our holiday.
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both . . . and
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Both rugby and football are popular in France.
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not only . . . but also
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Not only is he a professional footballer, but he’s also a successful businessman.
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Neither UK /ˈnaɪ.ðər US / niː.ðɚ
. . . nor
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Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the EU.
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not . . . but
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There are not two but three Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
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Coordinating Conjunctions
(there are seven):
And Or But Nor So For Yet
Functions of coordinating conjunctions
§ so – for showing the
consequence of something
He was very hungry, so he ate all the cake.
He was very hungry, so he ate all the cake.
§ but – for contrast
I eat cake, but I never eat biscuits; I don’t like them.
I eat cake, but I never eat biscuits; I don’t like them.
§ for – for explaining why
[more formal and less common than because] He’s overweight, for he
eats too many cakes and biscuits.
§ and – the same, similar or
equal; without contrast
His favourite snacks are cakes and biscuits.
His favourite snacks are cakes and biscuits.
§ nor – for two
non-contrasting grammatically negative items (not + not)
He doesn’t eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits.
[= He doesn’t eat cake and he doesn’t eat biscuits.]
He doesn’t eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits.
[= He doesn’t eat cake and he doesn’t eat biscuits.]
§ or – before an alternative
Would you like cake or biscuits with your coffee?
Would you like cake or biscuits with your coffee?
§ yet – contrast, despite
something [synonyms = nevertheless,
but still]
He’s overweight and feels terrible, yet he continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits.
[He’s overweight, but still he continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits.]
He’s overweight and feels terrible, yet he continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits.
[He’s overweight, but still he continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits.]
Subordinating conjunctions
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so that
that UK /ðæt/
that US /ðæ
the +at
We often leave out that after so in
informal situations:
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I’ve made some sandwiches so (that) we can have
a snack on the way.
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Because UK /bɪˈkəz/ /bɪˈkɒz/ US /bɪˈkɑːz/
Because is more common than as and since,
both in writing and speaking. When we use because, we are
focusing on the reason:
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A:
Would you like to go to KTV ?
B:
Yes.
A:
Why?
B:
Because my best friend goes there.
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As æz
used in comparisons to refer to the degree of something:
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As as
a preposition
I worked as a waiter when I was a
student. Most of us did.
As as
a conjunction
I went to bed at 9 pm as I
had a plane to catch at 6 am.
I can't run as fast as you.
The same as
We use as with the
same to talk about identical things:
Your jacket is the same colour as mine.
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To express time
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Since UK /sɪns/ US /sɪns/
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Emma went to work in New York a year ago,
and we haven't seen her since.
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Before UK /bɪˈfɔːr/ US /bɪˈfɔːr/
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Before we make a decision, does anyone want to say anything else?
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After UK /ˈɑːf.tər/ US /ˈæf.tɚ/
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Let's go for a walk after breakfast.
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Until UK /ənˈtɪl/ /ʌnˈtɪl/ US /ənˈtɪl/ /ʌnˈtɪl/
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I was up until
three o'clock in the morning.
· You'll
have to wait until your next birthday for
a new bike.
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When UK /wen/ US /Wen/
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When are you
going?
Tell me when to start.
I went there when I was a child.
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as soon as UK /suːn/ US /suːn/
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She'll be here soon.
Momo will be here soon.
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Whenever UK /wenˈev.ər/ US /wenˈev.ɚ/
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Whenever you are free
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While UK /waɪl/ US /waɪl/
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· I gained a
lot of weight while I was
on holiday.
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To express condition
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Unless UK /ənˈles/ US /ənˈles/
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You can't get a job unless you have experience
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If UK /ɪf/ US /ɪf/
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used to say that a particular thing can or will happen only after something else happens or becomes true:
If
anyone calls, just say I'll be back in the office at four o'clock.
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even UK /ˈiː.vən/ US /ˈiː.vən/
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I don't even know where it is.
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In case
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Let’s take our swimming costumes in case there’s a pool at the
hotel.
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To express contrast or concession
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Although UK /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ US /ɑːlˈðoʊ/
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He decided to go, although I begged him not to.
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Even though
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I feel tired even if I go to bed early
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Whereas UK /weərˈæz/ US /werˈæz/
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· She actually enjoys confrontation,
whereas I prefer a quiet life.
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If we add -ever to wh-words
like how, what, which, when, where and who, we
change their meaning.
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form
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meaning
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However 然而
UK /ˌhaʊˈev.ər/
US /ˌhaʊˈev.ɚ/
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‘any way at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter how’
However you try
to explain it, I still can’t understand it.
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Whatever随你
UK /wɒtˈev.ər/
US /wɑːˈt̬ev.ɚ/
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‘anything at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter what’
Please take whatever you want from the fridge
if you feel hungry. (anything at all that you want)
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Whichever 任何
UK /wɪˈtʃev.ər/
US /wɪˈtʃev.ɚ/
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‘any one at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter which’
It's going to be expensive whichever
way you do it.
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Whenever每当
UK /wenˈev.ər/
US /wenˈev.ɚ/
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‘any time at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter when’
Call in whenever you like. I’m always at
home. (at any time at all that you like)
Whenever you are free
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Wherever哪里
UK /weəˈrev.ər/
US /werˈev.ɚ/
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‘any place at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter where’
We can go wherever you like.
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Whoever谁
UK /huːˈev.ər/
US /huːˈev.ɚ/ (hooh)
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‘any person at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter who’
· There's
a reward for whoever finishes first.
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English
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CHINESE
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PINYINS
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1.but
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但
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Dàn
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2.so
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所以
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suǒyǐ
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3.or
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要么
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yàome
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4.and
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和
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hé
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5.after / before
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在那之后
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zài nà
zhīhòu
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6.although /
even though
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尽管/尽管如此
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jǐnguǎn/jǐnguǎn rúcǐ
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7.because /
as
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因为/ as
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yīnwèi/ as
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8.if
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如果
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rúguǒ
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9.as long as / provided that
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只要/提供
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zhǐyào/tígōng
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10.till / until
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直到/直到
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zhídào/zhídào
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11.unless
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除非
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chúfēi
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12.when / once / as soon as
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何时/何时/何时
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hé shí/hé
shí/hé shí
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13.while / whereas
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而/而
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ér/ér
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14.in spite of / despite
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尽管/尽管
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jǐnguǎn/jǐnguǎn
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15.Whereas
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而
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ér
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16.However
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然而
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rán'ér
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17.Therefore
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因此
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yīncǐ
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18.Furthermore, In addition
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此外，另外
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cǐwài,
lìngwài
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19.Firstly
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首先
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shǒuxiān
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20.Secondly
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其次
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qícì
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21.After
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后
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hòu
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22.Although
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虽然
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suīrán
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23.As Long As
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只要
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zhǐyào
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24.Even If
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即使
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jíshǐ
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25. Even Though
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即使
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jíshǐ
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26.Once
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一旦
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yīdàn
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27.Since
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以来
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yǐlái
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28.Provided
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提供
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tígōng
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29.That
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那
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nà
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30.So
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所以
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suǒyǐ
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31.Till
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直到
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zhídào
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32.Until
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直到
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zhídào
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33.Unless
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除非
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chúfēi
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34.What
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什么
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shénme
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35.When
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什么时候
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shénme
shíhòu
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36.Whenever
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每当
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měi dāng
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37.Wherever
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哪里
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nǎlǐ
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38.Besides
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除了
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chúle
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39.wondering
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想知道
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xiǎng
zhīdào
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40. wait for a short while
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等一下
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děng yīxià
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